Islam
- 641
- The Mongols; Il-Khans 1256 - 1394
- An account of the impact of the Mongol invasions and the Khanid dynasty on Iran; focuses on their cultural and artistic achievements.
- 642
- Al-Biruni
- Profile of a scientist who knew, 600 years before Galileo, that the earth rotates on its axis daily and moves yearly around the sun. Includes information on his varied achievements.
- 643
- Biruni, Abu Raihan
- Biography of a versatile scholar and scientist, with equal facility in physics, metaphysics, mathematics, geography and history. Born in the city of Kheva in 973 CE.
- 644
- al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan
- Biography of al-Biruni, with an assessment of his contribution to the study of geology; includes a list of his writings, and links.
- 645
- Bahri (River) Mameluke Period
- A history of the first period of Mamluk rule in Egypt; includes a list of rulers and dates.
- 646
- Burgi (Tower) Mameluke Period
- A history of the second dynasty of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; includes a list of rulers and dates.
- 648
- The Art of the Mamluk Period (1250-1517 A.D.)
- An online exhibition of the art and architecture of the Mamluks; includes a brief account of the period, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
- 649
- A Concise History Of India : The Mogul Empire
- Covers the rise and decline of the Mogul Empire on the Indian sub-continent, from 1500 to 1765 CE.
- 650
- BBC : The Mughal Empire
- A brief account of the Mughal (or Mogul) Empire, which ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries; it also spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture in South Asia.
- 651
- When the Moguls Ruled ...
- A history of the Mughal Empire; includes maps, biographies of rulers, a timeline, and examples of their arts.
- 652
- Shagrat al-Durr
- Biography of Shajarat al-Durr who took upon herself the title of Sultan and regrouped the Egyptian army to take Damietta back from the Frankish Crusaders.
- 653
- The Nasrid Sultans of Granada
- An account of the final period of Islam in Spain, from 1232 until the conquest by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.
- 655
- Ibn Taymiyya
- A highly critical analysis of his teachings and writings; focuses on the controversies he aroused during his life.
- 656
- Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din (1263-1328)
- Biography and ideas of the philosopher whose ideas on the causes of the weakness of the Muslim nations and on the need to return to the Qur'an and sunna (practices) are seminal for modern revival movements.
- 657
- The Middle Ages: Seljuks
- Brief survey of the impact of the Seljuks, as guardians of the declining Abbasid caliphate, building an empire centered in Baghdad, and helping to prevent the Fatimids of Egypt from making Shiite Islam dominant.
- 658
- The Seljuks
- An account of the rise of the Seljuk dynasty from their capital in Isfahan, their relations with the Abbasid Caliphate and Byzantium, and decline with the arrival of the Mongols.