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Reference

• 21
• Demonax
• Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.

• 22
• Descartes, René
• Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.

• 23
• Dewey, John
• Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.

• 24
• Diderot, Denis
• The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.

• 25
• Diogenes Laertius
• 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.

• 26
• Diogenes of Sinope
• 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.

• 27
• Egoism, Psychological and Ethical
• Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.

• 28
• Emanation
• The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.

• 29
• Empedocles
• 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.

• 30
• Epictetus
• Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.

• 31
• Epicurus
• 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.

• 32
• Euclides
• 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.

• 33
• Ferrier, James Frederick
• The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.

• 34
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
• One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.

• 35
• Gorgias
• Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.

• 36
• Greek Philosophy
• The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.

• 37
• Hamilton, William
• 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.

• 38
• Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von
• 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'

• 39
• Helvetius, Claude Adrien
• One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.

• 40
• Hempel, Carl Gustav
• A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.