Hearing in Stegocephalians
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Description: In this article, Michael Laurin outlines the anatomy and evolution of the outer, middle and inner ear in land vertebrates.
The ear of stegocephalians is divided into the inner ear (the only part found in primitively aquatic vertebrates such as hagfishes, lampreys, chondrichthyans, and actinopterygians), the middle ear, and the external ear. The external ear is composed of structures (such as the pinna in mammals) that help to channel the sounds to the middle ear. A true external ear does not exist in all stegocephalians; it is unique to mammals, among extant vertebrates. The middle ear consists of a tympanum (ear drum), ossicles that transmit the sounds from the tympanum to the inner ear, and associated structures (nerves, blood vessels, etc.). The tympanum is not always present, but it is required to receive high-frequency, air-borne sounds. However, tetrapods lacking a tympanum (all salamanders, caecilians, some frogs,
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